Cleveland.

American city in Ohio. It was laid out by Moses Cleaveland in 1796 and incorporated in 1836, by which time singing schools and brass bands were flourishing and choral and instrumental groups, often sponsored by churches, were active. The second half of the 19th century witnessed tremendous growth. German influence was strong. Members of the Germania Musical Society settled in Cleveland after that ensemble disbanded in 1854. The Cleveland Gesangverein gave performances of opera with orchestra, including Flotow’s Alessandro Stradella in 1858. Five Sängerfests were organized (1855, 1859, 1874, 1893, 1927). Many local musicians, including Reinhold Henninges (1836–1913) and Emil Ring (1863–1922), were of German or Austrian birth, while others born in the USA, such as Johann H. Beck (1856–1924), James Rogers (1857–1940) and Wilson Smith (1855–1929), studied in Germany. Ring and Beck conducted various orchestras in the early 1900s. Alfred Arthur (1844–1918) founded the Cleveland Vocal Society (1873–1902), directed early orchestral programmes at Brainard's Piano Ware Rooms (1872) and organized large May festivals (1880–86; 1895–7). Arthur also conducted opera, including his own The Water Carrier, for the May festival of 1876, at the luxurious 1600-seat Euclid Avenue Opera House (built 1875 and demolished in 1922). The Metropolitan Opera Company from New York visited Cleveland nearly every year from 1899 to 1986.

Early in the 20th century a series of concerts, bringing leading performers to the city, was organized by Adella Prentiss Hughes (1869–1950) through the Fortnightly Musical Club and the National Federation of Music Clubs. The Cleveland Museum of Art, opened in 1916, began to house musical events, and an organ was installed there in 1922. The Cleveland Orchestra (called in its first season Cleveland's SO) was founded largely through the efforts of Hughes and the Musical Arts Association (founded 1915); it gave its inaugural concert under Nicolai Sokoloff at Grays' Armory (cap. 5000) on 11 December 1918. Concerts were later presented in Masonic Auditorium (cap. 2238) until the orchestra moved to its permanent home, Severance Hall (cap. 2000), in 1931. Subsequent conductors were Artur Rodzinski (1933–43), Erich Leinsdorf (1943–6), George Szell (1946–70), who enlarged the ensemble to 107 members and its season to a full year, Pierre Boulez (guest conductor, 1967–74), Louis Lane (associate conductor, 1956–73), Lorin Maazel (1972–82) and Christoph von Dohnányi (from 1984). Children's concerts were inaugurated in 1929. The first permanent Cleveland Orchestra Chorus, founded in 1955, reached an early high point during the tenure of Robert Shaw (active in Cleveland 1956–67). A children's chorus was formed in 1967, and in 1968 Blossom Music Center, the orchestra's nearby summer home in Cuyahoga Falls, was inaugurated.

Severance Hall has also been used for opera performances. In 1935 Rodzinski gave Shostakovich's Lady Macbeth of the Mtsensk District there, and Lake Erie Opera Theater, active during the 1960s, gave performances including 20th-century works. Lyric Opera Cleveland (autonomous since 1976) performs during the summer in Kulas Auditorium, and Opera Cleveland (founded 1976) is based in the State Theater (cap. 3100). Concerts are also held at the Cain Park Theatre (cap. 3000) in Cleveland Heights, and at the two halls in the Beck Center for the Arts: the Karl A. Mackey Auditorium (cap. 488) and the Studio Theater (cap. 83).

N. Coe Stewart (1837–1921), a disciple of Lowell Mason, became the city's first full-time supervisor of music in the public schools (1869–1907). By the early 20th century several music schools had been established: the Cleveland School of Music (1884), the West Side Musical College (c1900), the Hruby Conservatory of Music (1916) and the music department at Western Reserve College (founded 1826). The Cleveland Music School Settlement, now one of the largest community music schools in the country, was founded by Almeda Adams in 1912. The Cleveland Institute of Music was founded in 1920 with Ernest Bloch as head; David Cerone became director in 1985. The music department at Cleveland State University (founded 1964), the nearby Baldwin Wallace College and the Oberlin College Conservatory of Music make significant contributions. Cleveland State University has presented premières of operas by the local composers D. Bain Murray (The Legend, 1987; Mary Queen of Scots, 1991) and Edwin London (The Death of Lincoln, 1988).

Chamber ensembles include the Ohio Chamber Orchestra (founded 1972 under Dwight Oltman) and the Cleveland Chamber SO (1980), founded by Edwin London. Devoted entirely to new music, this ensemble had performed 135 premières by 1998, more than half of them commissioned works. The Cleveland Women's Orchestra (founded 1935 by Hyman Schandler) is among the oldest women's orchestras in the nation. Other important ensembles include the Suburban Symphony, the Cleveland PO, the Cleveland Singers, Cleveland Ballet, Cleveland Modern Dance Association and Apollo's Fire, a baroque orchestra founded in 1992.

The Holtkamp Organ Company is an outgrowth of the firm founded in Cleveland by Gottlieb Votteler in 1855. The King Musical Instrument Company, makers of brass instruments, began in 1893 as the H.N. White Company. Brainard's (Western) Musical World (1864–95), the periodical of S. Brainard's Sons publishing house and music store, chronicled musical events.

The various ethnic and specialized music associations include the Ciurlionis Ensemble (Lithuanian), the Cleveland Kiltie Band (Scottish), Glasbena Matica (Slovenian), the Hungarian Singing Society, the Irish Musicians Association of America (Michael Keating Branch), the Welsh gatherings of the Gymanfa Ganu and the Cleveland Messiah Chorus. The Harmonia Chopin Singing Society Club, founded in 1902, was the first Polish male chorus in Ohio. The oldest Czech singing society in the USA, the Lumir-Hlahol Tyl Singing Society, presented the Cleveland première of Smetana's The Bartered Bride in 1899. Children's organizations include the Zagreb Junior Tamburitzans. Ritchie Vadnal's Polka Kings and Frankie Yankovic's Polka Band are in demand.

Private organizations sponsoring concerts include the Music and Drama Club, the Lecture Recital Club, the Three Arts Club of Lakewood, founded in the 1920s, and the Fortnightly Musical Club, founded in 1894. An active Cleveland Chamber Music Society was organized in 1949.

The songwriter Ernest R. Ball was born in Cleveland, and Art Tatum frequently played in Cleveland jazz clubs during the early 1930s. The widespread popularity of rock and roll in the USA had its origins in Cleveland, introduced by the local disc jockeys Alan Freed and Leo Mintz in the early 1950s; it is fitting that the city should house the national Rock and Roll Hall of Fame, inaugurated in 1995.

The radio station WCLV broadcasts concerts by local ensembles including the Cleveland Orchestra. Classical music can also be heard on WKSU, allied with Kent State University in Ohio, and Cleveland State University's radio station, WCPN.

BIBLIOGRAPHY

Grove6 (B. Penyak); GroveA (J.H. Alexander)

Annals of Cleveland (1818–1935) [compiled by US WPA]

M.H. Osburn: Ohio Composers and Musical Authors (Columbus, 1942)

E.J. Benton: Cultural Story of an American City: Cleveland (Cleveland, 1943–6)

W.G. Rose: Cleveland: the Making of a City (Cleveland, 1950)

F.H. Grant: Foundations of Music Education in the Cleveland Public Schools (diss., Western Reserve U., 1963)

R.C. Marsh: The Cleveland Orchestra (Cleveland, 1967)

F.K. Grossman: From Log Cabin to Severance Hall: the History of Music in Cleveland from 1800 (MS, US-CLp)

F.K. Grossman: A History of Music in Cleveland (Cleveland, 1972)

J.H. Alexander: It Must Be Heard: a Survey of the Musical Life of Cleveland, 1836–1918 (Cleveland, 1981)

D. Van Tassel and J. Grabowski, eds.: The Encyclopedia of Cleveland History (Bloomington, IN, 1987, 2/1996)

S. Zverina: And they Shall have Music: the History of the Cleveland Music School Settlement (Cleveland, 1988)

K.G. Roy: Not Responsible for Lost Articles: Thoughts and Second Thoughts from Severance Hall, 1958–1988 (Cleveland, 1993)

Severance Hall: Home of the Cleveland Orchestra (Cleveland, 1994)

H.R. Witchey and J. Vacha: Fine Arts in Cleveland: an Illustrated History (Bloomington, IN, 1994)

J.H. ALEXANDER